Mon, 08 Nov 2021 10:19:52 GMT Thu, 28 Aug 2025 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/ The national central banks of the Eurosystem are preparing for the possible issuance of a digital euro. This initiative aims to provide a universally accepted, secure, and reliable form of central bank money in the digital era in the eurozone. Thu, 28 Aug 2025 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2025-attitudes-of-dutch-merchants-towards-the-digital-euro/ This paper builds on existing literature on federated learning to introduce an innovative framework, which we call federated modelling. Federated modelling enables collaborative modelling by a group of participants while bypassing the need for disclosing participants’ underlying private data... Thu, 21 Aug 2025 10:25:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2025-federated-modelling-a-new-framework-and-an-application-to-system-wide-stress-testing/ The national central banks of the Eurosystem are investigating the possibility of issuing a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) – the digital euro – alongside cash. Tue, 15 Apr 2025 10:25:44 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2025-the-offline-digital-euro-and-holding-limits-a-user-centred-approach/ Industrial competitiveness is back as a central topic on the table of policy makers all over Europe. This renewed attention has been driven by changes to the relative cost-efficiency of European industrial production. Wed, 02 Apr 2025 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2025-competitiveness-of-the-dutch-energy-intensive-industry-energy-prices-grid-costs-and-ets/ Central bank profits are important as they help to maintain a strong balance sheet and financial independence from the government. Thu, 01 Aug 2024 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/volume-21-3-on-the-profitability-of-central-banks/ There is scientific consensus that nature and its vital contributions to prosperity are deteriorating worldwide. Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:00:32 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2023-the-economic-and-financial-stability-repercussions-of-nature-degradation-for-the-netherlands-exploring-scenarios-with-transition-shocks/ Dit onderzoek kijkt naar de kwetsbaarheden en veerkracht van Nederlandse huishoudens vanuit een breed welvaartperspec­tief. We kijken naar kwetsbaarheden van huishoudens op een vijftal terreinen binnen het begrip brede welvaart waarop DNB de rege-ring adviseert en expertise heeft. Wed, 19 Apr 2023 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2023-kwetsbaarheid-en-veerkracht-van-nederlandse-huishoudens-een-analyse-vanuit-een-breed-welvaartsperspectief/ Cryptoactiva hebben de afgelopen twee jaar een opmerkelijke ontwikkeling doorgemaakt die het belang ervan voor de samenleving onderstreept. Er zijn op deze markten grote bedragen in- en uitgestroomd. Er waren gepolariseerde debatten tussen cryptoadepten en cryptosceptici. Mon, 07 Nov 2022 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-06-2022-cryptoactiva-evolutie-en-beleidsrespons/ Een substantieel deel van de Nederlandse werknemers en zelfstandigen bouwt geen tweede pijlerpensioen op. Het Nederlandse pensioenstelsel bestaat uit vier pijlers. Thu, 25 Aug 2022 07:11:41 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2022-werkenden-zonder-pensioenopbouw/ In reactie op achtereenvolgens de kredietcrisis, de Europese schuldencrisis en de COVID-crisis hebben centrale banken ingegrepen om ervoor te zorgen dat de markten bleven functioneren en om fragmentatie van markten te voorkomen. Mon, 22 Aug 2022 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-5-2022-het-monetaire-instrumentarium-van-het-eurosysteem-in-onconventionele-tijden/ In contrast to commercial banks, there are no rules or clear guidelines for central banks’ capital adequacy. Mon, 25 Jul 2022 10:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2022-on-the-capitalisation-of-central-banks/ Cyber risk is an increasingly important source of risk, not just to individual financial institutions, but also to the financial system as whole. The number of cyber incidents has increased over the past years, and the incidents have become more costly. Wed, 08 Jun 2022 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2022-a-macroprudential-perspective-on-cyber-risk/ Real estate plays an important role in debates on the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. Tue, 08 Feb 2022 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2022-real-estate-and-climate-transition-risk-a-financial-stability-perspective/ In deze studie onderzoeken we de winstgevendheid van de Nederlandse bankensector. Tegen de achtergrond van achtereenvolgens de financiële *crisis en de Europese schuldencrisis stonden de winsten van het Nederlandse bankwezen een tijd lang onder druk. Thu, 06 Jan 2022 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2022-rente-en-verandervermogen-een-scenario-analyse-van-de-winstgevendheid-van-nederlandse-banken/ Integratie van duurzaamheidsrisico’s in de kernprocessen van de financiële sector. Tue, 07 Dec 2021 13:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2021-op-weg-naar-een-duurzame-balans/ Thu, 17 Jun 2021 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2021-financing-the-transition-seizing-opportunities-for-a-green-recovery/ Thu, 28 Jan 2021 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2021-misleading-footprints-inflation-and-exchange-rate-effects-in-relative-carbon-disclosure-metrics/ Tue, 12 Jan 2021 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/2021-veranderende-internationale-samenhangen-en-de-nederlandse-economie-trends-drijfveren-en-consequenties/ Thu, 17 Dec 2020 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2020-de-rol-en-toekomst-van-contant-geld/ Wed, 15 Apr 2020 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2020-central-bank-digital-currency-objectives-preconditions-and-design-choices/ Tue, 17 Dec 2019 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2019-het-spaaroverschot-van-nederlandse-bedrijven-onrafeld/ Thu, 14 Mar 2019 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2019-de-kwaliteit-en-onafhankelijkheid-van-woningtaxaties/ Wed, 14 Feb 2018 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2018-from-cash-to-cards-how-debit-card-payments-overtook-cash-in-the-netherlands/ Wed, 15 Nov 2017 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2017-developing-macroprudential-policy-for-alternative-investment-funds/ Fri, 14 Jul 2017 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2017-capitalising-on-the-euro/ Fri, 14 Jul 2017 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2017-a-top-down-stress-testing-framework-for-the-dutch-banking-sector/ Wed, 17 May 2017 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2017-the-housing-market-in-major-dutch-cities/ Wed, 14 Dec 2016 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-5-2016-the-return-on-equity-of-large-dutch-banks/ Wed, 12 Oct 2016 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2016-perspectief-op-groei-de-nederlandse-economie-in-beweging/ Thu, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2016-inflation-in-the-euro-area-and-why-it-matters/ Wed, 16 Mar 2016 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2016-time-for-transition-an-exploratory-study-of-the-transition-to-a-carbon-neutral-economy/ Wed, 17 Feb 2016 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2016-a-shock-to-the-system-market-illiquidity-and-concentrated-holdings-in-european-bond-markets/ Thu, 24 Dec 2015 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-6-2015-biases-in-supervision-what-are-they-and-how-can-we-deal-with-them/ Thu, 12 Nov 2015 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-5-2015-longevity-risk-transfer-activities-by-european-insurers-and-pension-funds/ Thu, 15 Oct 2015 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2015-dutch-mortgages-in-the-dnb-loan-level-data/ Wed, 01 Jul 2015 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-5-2014-collateral-optimisation-re-use-and-transformation/ Thu, 18 Jun 2015 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2015-central-bank-collaterall/ Thu, 14 May 2015 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2015-effects-of-further-reductions-in-the-ltv-limit/ Wed, 01 Apr 2015 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2014-bank-lending-and-capital/ Thu, 12 Feb 2015 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2015-wealth-formation-of-dutch-households-a-policy-assessment/ Wed, 01 Oct 2014 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-7-2014-putting-macroprudential-policy-to-work/ Tue, 01 Jul 2014 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-6-2014-getting-to-the-bottom-of-the-dutch-savings-surplus/ Thu, 01 May 2014 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2014-chinese-banks-risks-and-challenges/ Sat, 01 Mar 2014 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2014-studies-beyond-finance-financial-supervision-in-the-21st-century/ Sat, 01 Feb 2014 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2014-wage-development-considered/ Sun, 01 Dec 2013 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-6-2013-challenges-for-financial-sector-supervision/ Tue, 01 Oct 2013 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-5-2013-financial-imbalances-and-macroprudential-policy-in-a-currency-union/ Mon, 01 Jul 2013 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2013-the-irrationality-of-payment-behaviour/ Wed, 01 May 2013 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2013-a-descriptive-analysis-of-the-balance-sheet-and-monetary-policy-of-de-nederlandsche-bank-1900-1998-and-beyond/ Mon, 01 Apr 2013 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2013-social-costs-of-pos-payments-in-the-netherlands-2002-2012-efficiency-gains-from-increased-debit-card-usage/ Fri, 01 Mar 2013 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2013-funding-problems-in-the-mortgage-market/ Thu, 01 Nov 2012 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-5-2012-shadow-banking-an-exploratory-study-for-the-netherlands/ Sat, 01 Sep 2012 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2012-the-centerpanel-and-the-dnb-household-survey-methodological-aspects/ Wed, 01 Aug 2012 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2012-designing-banknote-identity/ Sun, 01 Apr 2012 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2012-cash-usage-in-the-netherlands-how-much-where-when-who-and-whenever-one-wants/ Wed, 01 Feb 2012 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2012-is-collateral-becoming-scarce-evidence-for-the-euro-area/ Thu, 01 Dec 2011 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-6-2011-is-there-a-race-to-the-bottom-in-central-counterparties-competition/ Tue, 01 Nov 2011 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-5-2011-housing-bubbles-the-leverage-cycle-and-the-role-of-central-banking/ Thu, 01 Sep 2011 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2011-what-is-a-fit-banknote-the-dutch-public-responds/ Fri, 01 Jul 2011 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2011-the-post-crisis-world-of-collateral-and-international-liquidity/ Tue, 01 Mar 2011 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2011-crisis-management-tools-in-the-eu-what-do-we-really-need/ Tue, 01 Feb 2011 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2011-delfi-dnb-s-macroeconomic-policy-model-of-the-netherlands/ Wed, 01 Dec 2010 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-4-2010-banknote-design-for-retailers-and-public/ Fri, 01 Oct 2010 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-3-2010-macro-effects-of-higher-capital-and-liquidity-requirements-for-banks/ Wed, 01 Sep 2010 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-2-2010-reinsurers-as-financial-intermediaries-in-the-market-for-catastrophic-risk/ Mon, 01 Feb 2010 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2010-the-performance-of-eu-foreign-trade-a-sectoral-analysis/ Tue, 01 Dec 2009 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-03-2009-distortionary-effects-of-anti-crisis-measures-and-how-to-limit-them/ Sun, 01 Nov 2009 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-02-2009-banknote-design-for-the-visually-impaired/ Wed, 01 Jul 2009 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2009-how-does-cross-border-collateral-affect-a-country-s-central-bank-and-prudential-supervisor/ Fri, 01 Aug 2008 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-04-2008-the-supervision-of-banks-in-europe-the-case-for-a-tailor-made-set-up/ Fri, 01 Aug 2008 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-05-2008-dutch-gas-revenues-and-budgetary-policy-theory-versus-practice/ Thu, 08 May 2008 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-02-2008-confidence-and-trust-empirical-investigations-for-the-netherlands-and-the-financial-sector/ Thu, 01 May 2008 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-03-2008-islamic-finance-and-supervision-an-exploratory-analysis/ Thu, 01 May 2008 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-01-2008-towards-a-european-payments-market-survey-results-on-cross-border-payment-behaviour-of-dutch-consumers/ Sat, 01 Sep 2007 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-02-2007-public-feed-back-for-better-banknote-design-2/ Sun, 01 Apr 2007 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-01-2007-microfinanciering-deposito-s-en-toezicht-de-wereld-is-groot-denk-klein/ Wed, 01 Nov 2006 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-06-2006-the-sustainability-of-the-dutch-pension-system/ Sat, 01 Jul 2006 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-05-2006-china-in-2006-an-economist-s-view/ Sat, 01 Apr 2006 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-02-2006-an-international-scorecard-for-measuring-bank-performance-the-case-of-dutch-banks/ Sat, 01 Apr 2006 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-03-2006-how-fair-are-fair-values-a-comparison-for-cross-listed-financial-companies/ Wed, 01 Feb 2006 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-01-2006-euromon-the-multi-country-model-of-de-nederlandsche-bank/ Sat, 01 Oct 2005 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-02-2005-payments-are-no-free-lunch/ Wed, 01 Jun 2005 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-01-2005-labour-market-participation-of-ageing-workers-micro-financial-incentives-and-policy-considerations/ Tue, 01 Jun 2004 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-01-2004-towards-a-framework-for-financial-stability/ Tue, 01 Jun 2004 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-02-2004-depositor-and-investor-protection-in-the-netherlands-past-present-and-future/ Sat, 01 Nov 2003 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-04-2003-a-survey-of-institutional-frameworks-for-financial-stability/ Mon, 01 Sep 2003 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-03-2003-intermediation-integration-and-internationalisation-a-survey-on-banking-in-europe/ Wed, 01 Jan 2003 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-1-2003-requirements-for-successful-currency-regimes-the-dutch-and-thai-experiences/ Wed, 01 Jan 2003 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-01-2003-requirements-for-successful-currency-regimes-the-dutch-and-thai-experiences/ Wed, 01 Jan 2003 12:00:00 GMT https://www.dnb.nl/publicaties/publicaties-onderzoek/occasional-study/nr-02-2003-the-blurring-of-distinctions-between-financial-sectors-fact-or-fiction/