Inflation

Inflation: price increases

When the prices of many goods and services increase, we call this inflation. Inflation is expressed as a percentage. For example Dutch inflation was 3.4% in March 2025. That percentage indicates how much more money consumers spent on average on day-to-day expenses compared to a year earlier. For some time now, inflation in the Netherlands has been higher than the euro area average. This difference can largely be explained by taxes introduced in the Netherlands and service prices that continue to rise rapidly (especially housing rents).

How the inflation rate is calculated 

Statistics Netherlands (CBS) is the agency that calculates the rate of inflation. They do so by tracking prices in a "basket" of all kinds of products we spend money on, from coffee to clothes, from smartphone plans to housing costs. Statistics Netherlands calculates the current inflation rate every month, making use of a European standard so that inflation can be compared throughout the euro area. This is known as the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP).

COVID-19 and war boost inflation

Inflation was high for a long time. Your daily groceries, going to the hairdresser or a new bike: everything became a lot more expensive in a fairly short time. These price hikes are all related to the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.

The economy came to a standstill in 2020 as a result of the pandemic. When the economy rebounded and demand for all kinds of products and services increased, companies could not get materials and people fast enough to supply them. This created huge shortages of products and services. The war in Ukraine caused further shortages, especially of gas and oil, along with shortages of foodstuffs such as grain and sunflower oil.

In the wake of the pandemic and the war, demand for many goods and services outstripped supply. And when demand exceeds supply, prices rise. That is simply how the market works. 

Expensive energy boosts prices further

High energy prices make other products more expensive, too: the greenhouses where your peppers and tomatoes grow need to be heated. The van that delivers your order to your door needs fuel to run. And with all the price hikes making life more expensive, many workers also want higher wages. Higher wages mean higher costs for employers, and these are also reflected in prices. 

Inflation and our prosperity

Inflation means that most prices are rising. And when inflation is high, you really start to notice everything becoming more expensive. This means you cannot buy as much with your money. Maybe you are no longer able to make ends meet on your income. That's not good for you, and it's not good for the economy either. When inflation is too high, prices change rapidly and uncertainty grows. This puts a brake on the economy, and that's what central banks want to avoid. 
Why does inflation need to come down?

Central banks and inflation

Of course, the European Central Bank (ECB) does not set prices. The market sets prices according to the law of supply and demand. The ECB has no direct control over inflation, but it does have tools to influence inflation indirectly. It does so with monetary policy.

Interest rate as accelerator and brake pedal

The main tool the ECB is currently using to bring down inflation is the key policy rate, which is the interest rate at which banks borrow money from the ECB or deposit money with the ECB. In short, the interest rate acts as the accelerator and brake pedal for the economy as follows.

ECB interest rate policy proves effective

Even though inflation has fallen significantly in the Netherlands and the euro area, it is still above the 2% target. Since July 2022, the ECB has raised its policy rate to 4% in 10 steps to curb demand for products and services, and bring down inflation. In June 2024, the interest rate was lowered again for the first time since July 2022. As of 23 April 2025 the interest rate is 2,25%.
Incidentally, getting inflation under control is a joint effort: besides the ECB, the government, employers and employees can also contribute to bringing inflation down more quickly.

Keeping prices stable is the primary goal of the European Central Bank (ECB). Stable prices are essential for a healthy economy. In recent years, prices have risen far too fast, which is why the ECB is taking measures to bring inflation back down.

Inflation is not always a bad thing

Today's economic circumstances are exceptional and current inflation has been exceptionally high for a while. The ECB has been working hard to get inflation down, and the impact of its policy may take some time to materialise. But price increases are not taboo: the inflation rate does not have to drop to 0%. Some degree of inflation is in fact good for the economy. Gradually rising prices actually encourage consumers to spend their money.

The target is 2%

The ECB sees ensuring stable prices as the very best thing central banks can do for the prosperity of people in Europe. This means an inflation rate of 2% across the euro area over the medium term. Price trends are then clear and predictable for everyone. 

0% is too little...

Why isn't the ECB's target 0% or 1%? The 2% target provides a safety margin in the event that prices drop. It reduces the risk that we will end up in a period of deflation, which is a drop in the general level of prices. This is something the ECB wants to avoid because it can cause damage to our economy. People and businesses then wait to make their purchases or investments in the hope that everything will become even cheaper. Demand then falls, and the economy may even grind to a halt.

...and 4% is too much

The 2% target is not arbitrary. Inflation that is any higher is not beneficial for the economy. Research by DNB experts has found that inflation that remains above 4% for a long time is bad for economic growth.

So what's going to happen to inflation now?

Inflation never responds immediately to interest rate changes. This takes time. Moreover, a lot is still uncertain due to global tensions and their impact on our economy and inflation. This is why the ECB is remaining vigilant, gradually introducing new measures to bring inflation back down to 2% and keep it at that level over the medium term.

European supervisory authorities provide tips and suggestions

The cost of living has shot up and interest rates are also a lot higher than they were in recent years. Higher interest rates affect the repayment of mortgage loans and personal loans, and the value of pensions. It is not always clear how to deal with the various impacts in the best possible way. That is why financial supervisory authorities in the European Union have prepared a factsheet with useful tips and suggestions.